Assumption and Conclusion Reasoning Questions
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1.
A study finds that people who own dogs tend to have lower blood pressure. The researchers conclude that owning a dog reduces blood pressure. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken this conclusion?
People with lower blood pressure are more likely to adopt dogs
Dog owners tend to get more exercise than non-dog owners
The study was conducted over a short period of time
Some participants in the study owned multiple dogs
2.
A company introduces a new product and sees a spike in sales. The CEO concludes that the new product is responsible for the increase in revenue. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken this conclusion?
The company launched a major advertising campaign at the same time
The new product is priced higher than similar products in the market
Customer reviews of the new product are mostly positive
The company's main competitor recently went out of business
3.
If you eat junk food, you'll gain weight. You've gained weight. Therefore, you must have eaten junk food. This reasoning is:
Modus ponens
Modus tollens
Affirming the consequent
Denying the antecedent
4.
If you drink coffee, you'll stay awake. You're awake. Therefore, you must have drunk coffee. This reasoning is:
Modus ponens
Modus tollens
Affirming the consequent
Denying the antecedent
5.
If you exercise regularly, you'll lose weight. You've lost weight. Therefore, you must have exercised regularly. This reasoning is:
Deductive
Inductive
Abductive
Fallacious
6.
No reptiles have fur. Some animals have fur. Therefore, some animals are not reptiles. This argument is:
Valid
Sound
Invalid
Both valid and sound
7.
A company claims that their new air purifier removes 99.9% of airborne particles. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen this claim?
The air purifier uses a technology patented by the company
Independent laboratory tests confirm the 99.9% removal rate
The air purifier is more expensive than competing models
The company has been manufacturing air purifiers for many years
8.
No reptiles are warm-blooded. All birds are warm-blooded. Therefore, no birds are reptiles. This argument is:
Valid
Sound
Invalid
Both valid and sound
9.
All dolphins are mammals. Some mammals live in water. Therefore, some dolphins live in water. This argument is:
Valid
Sound
Invalid
Both valid and sound
10.
A study finds that people who drink coffee live longer on average. The researchers conclude that coffee consumption increases lifespan. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen this conclusion?
Coffee contains antioxidants that have been linked to longevity
People who drink coffee tend to have more active social lives
The study was conducted over a short period of time
Participants in the study consumed varying amounts of coffee
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